The Romalpa Case Signpost or Diversion - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1098 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? The Romalpa Case: Signpost or Diversion? The supply of goods on credit is a commercial commonplace. Foreseeable difficulties will however arise where the buyer withholds payment or, more seriously, is unable to make payment due to solvency difficulties. The difficulty when a company is forced into liquidation or an individual into bankruptcy was summarised by Templeman LJ[1]: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦unsecured creditors rank after preferential creditors, mortgagees and the holders of floating charges and they receive a raw deal.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  It is therefore prudent for sellers to insert into the terms of their contract a retention of title clause whereby ownership of the goods remains vested in the seller until payment. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Romalpa Case: Signpost or Diversion?" essay for you Create order This apparently uncontroversial proposition was lent a unique twist in Aluminium Industrie Vaassen BV v Romalpa Aluminium Ltd[2] in which the Court of Appeal was required to consider a situation in which goods were supplied and used or resold prior to payment. In Romalpa a Dutch Company supplied a quantities of aluminium foil to and English company pursuant to a contract which provided that the foil would remain the property of the former until all debts payable by the latter were discharged. The contract expressly provided for the assignment of rights to payment in the situation in which products were manufactured from the foil and sold but did not expressly deal with the situation in which the foil itself was simply sold on. When this occurred and the English company went into liquidation, the seller of the foil attempted to recover monies paid in respect of the foil to the Receiver. It was held that the parties must have intended there to be a right to sell on the foil and that a fiduciary relationship was thereby created as a result of which the Dutch company was entitled to the proceeds of sale. Therefore the use of reservations allowing the seller to recover the proceeds of sale of goods or the value of products manufactured from them became widespread and known eponymously as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Romalpa Clausesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Criticism of such contractual devices has been advanced by commentators such as Bradgate[3]: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The widespread use of retention of title clauses has potentially serious consequences for secured creditors: a successful claim under a retention of title clause allows the supplier to reclaim the goods, their proceeds or product, and the pool of assets available to meet the claims of other creditors is thereby diminished.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  However, of greater concern to suppliers and their banks is the fact that Romalpa appears not to have been regarded by the Court of Appeal as a particularly significant decision (leave to appeal to the House of Lords was refused) and subsequent cases have been left to turn on their particular facts. Thus in Re Bond Worth Ltd[4], it was held by Slade J that the reservation of title clause gave rise to a charge rather than retention of tile in the goods. However, in Clough Mill Ltd v Geoffrey Martin[5] a consideration of the particular clause used led the Court of Appeal to the conclusion that the contract prevented property from passing so there was nothing to charge. Further difficulties arise as a result of the nature of the manufacturing process. Where the character of the goods has been altered (see, for example, Model Board Limited v Outerbox Ltd[6] where cardboard was printed upon and made up into boxes) and Borden (UK) Ltd v Scottish Timber Products Ltd [7]in which resin was used in the manufacture of chipboard). In such instances the courts appear to have been defeated by the difficulty of quantifying the nature and extent of the original sellerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s interest in the new product. A solution to this might be to allow the validity of express provisions rendering the new product the property of the original supplier until payment. However, since the value of the new product will undoubtedly exceed the value of the supplied raw materials which contributed only in part to its manufacture, retention of title in the whole of the new goods would be inequitable if not unworkable in any event. Thus the current state of the law is unsatisfactory for two principal reasons: despite the apparently authoritative status of the decision which has since 1976 lent its name to retention of title clauses, Romalpa failed to supply a formula upon which suppliers could rely with confidence in order to protect their interests; as a result, cases continue to turn upon their individual facts leading Staughton J in Hendy Lennox Ltd v Graham Puttick Engines Ltd[8] to describe this area of law as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a maze if not a minefieldà ¢Ã¢â€ š ¬Ã‚ . It might be supposed that this state of affairs could be remedied by legislation providing precisely for the rights of sellers who purport to protect themselves in this way. However, whether the solution thus opted for provided security by way of a charge or some comparable remedy or reinforced the concept of wholesale retention of title in goods, the difficulties of quantification and providing a remedy which was equitable to both seller and purchaser would remain in all but the most straightforward of cases. It is submitted that the answer lies in the a mechanism for the registration of interests as suggested by both the English[9] and indeed the Irish[10] Law Commissions. A system of registration of interests would allow transparency (particularly for the benefit of creditors) as to the priorities which would apply in the event of insolvency. Thus retention of title clauses could be registered at Companiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ House or a similar institution. Any clause n ot so registered would be void in the event of the winding-up or bankruptcy of the buyer but where there was valid registration, the interest would take priority over interests in the goods created subsequently to the date of registration. Such a reform would assist both sellers and their banks by providing a clear and readily enforceable means of recovering the value of property sold on condition that title does not pass until payment. Bibliography Bradgate, R., Commercial Law, (3rd Ed. 2003) Oughton, D. Lowry, J., Textbook on Consumer Law, (2nd Ed., 2000) Treitel, G., The Law of Contract, (11th Ed., 2003) Law Commission, Consultation Paper No.164, Registration of Security Interests: Company Charges and Property Other than Land, (July 2002) Law Reform Commission (Ireland), Report LRC 28 of 1989, Report on Debt Collection: (2) Retention of Title Westlaw Footnotes [1] Borden (UK) Ltd v Scottish Timber Products [1981] Ch 25 [2] [1976] 1 WLR 676 [3] Bradgate, R., Commercial Law, (3rd Ed. 2003), pp.450-1 [4] [1980] Ch 228 [5] [1984] 1 All ER 721 [6] [1993] BCLC [7] [1981] Ch 25 [8] [1984] 1 WLR 485 [9] Consultation Paper No.164, Registration of Security Interests: Company Charges and Property Other than Land, (July 2002) [10] Report LRC 28 of 1989, Report on Debt Collection: (2) Retention of Title

Personal Statement My Personal Goals - 1111 Words

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The most current example is the way I communicate with my husband. We are coming from two different cultural background, and communication could be hard sometime. Many times I realized that it was my frustration of not knowing how to explain things to him without getting mad. And off course a part of it is my ethnocentrism and also his. But as the one who have better understanding about human interaction, I have to be able to apply my communication skills in order to reduce or eliminate conflict. I amShow MoreRelatedPersonal Statement : My Personal Goals862 Words   |  4 PagesIt is important that I provide background, as it lays the foundation of why my personal goals are what they are, and what I hope to achieve as I work toward them. Having been shaped by both challenges and victories, I believe that I have emerged as a more sensitive, caring, and worldly educator, open to new challenges and change that occur in our ever-changing world. 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The Self-Ownership Principle Free Essays

Self-ownership is a belief that almost all Australians or any human accepts. Self-ownership is a belief that any human being of any religion, race, gender orientation or nationality is the ultimate arbiter of the decisions that affects themselves and any coercive action that prevents this decision making is inherently immoral and unacceptable. The acceptance of respect for self-ownership is something that is natural and unquestionable for all humans and is demonstrated below. We will write a custom essay sample on The Self-Ownership Principle or any similar topic only for you Order Now Imagine that every human being is living in the Garden of Eden found in Genesis. Everyone is living in a world without scarcity and this means that if one person uses a resource, no other person is deprived of its use, i. e. unlimited apples on a tree. In this environment, there is no need for an economic system or property agreement as there is no need for appropriations of land by physical force. However, there is a hidden flaw in this supposed utopian Garden of Eden; there remains a scarcity of human bodies whilst human desires are unlimited and these desires might involve the use of other’s bodies. Instinctively, people will state that there IS a need for a system of property in the Garden of Eden to truly provide a peaceful world; a system respecting the ownership of one’s body. Remarkably simple as the premise of self-ownership is, the implications of the logical conclusions of self-ownership have far-reaching societal consequences. All natural resources are scarce, and thus an system of property needs to be instituted to prevent the Earth from being affected by issues that arise from the Tragedy of the Commons. The process of appropriating land for ownership by people is known as Homesteading. Homesteading is a method of appropriating property ownership that is also the only system completely compatible with self-ownership because it is an independent exchange between nature and one’s own labour. Using coercion to prevent people from creating property out of natural materials implies that certain people or collectives have a higher claim to make these independent exchanges with nature than you do, contradicting the self-evident concept of self-ownership. Deducing from the self-ownership axiom, we have determined that for a sate ociety to respect self-ownership it must accept that all men are equal, respect the legitimate property claims of all men and guarantee civil liberties through the possession of property. If every man, woman and child that ever existed followed these principles, we would be living in a veritable utopia. Ignoring the obvious fact of scarcity, innovation and co-operation would have lead this world into an era of incredible material wealth. But for this to occur, a peaceful and voluntary society, each person needs to have their own epiphany, clear their cognitive dissonance and see reject all assaults on person and property; whether it is a government bureaucrat demanding that you register your swimming pool or a criminal gang demanding your wealth. How to cite The Self-Ownership Principle, Papers

Empirical Research on Undergraduate and Graduate MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Empirical Research on Undergraduate and Graduate. Answer: Introduction: Equality is one of the aspects that need to be observed at all time. The world since time immemorial has been seen to act for men more than the opposite gender. That is, there has been a lot of under presentation of women most specifically in the Technology, Science, Medicine, Engineering and Mathematics subject-based careers. This kind of imbalance does not necessarily mean that men are better than women but just a way of humiliating their female counterparts in an attempt to promote gender inequality. In fact, most of the nations are behaving in a manner to suggest that the world is going backward to adopt the colonial nature of several states which did not recognize the presence of women in making concrete decision. Conversely, the world is changing, and everything seems to take a different direction as far as equality is concerned. That is, women and men have been provided with similar capabilities that are key determiners of fair and observed gender balance. In school, both boys and girls equally take the same subjects in science, technology, and mathematics yet in the workplaces; men become the dominant elements. All in all, under presentation of women, continues to prevail. Therefore it becomes essential to critically analyze the key factor for under presentation of women to deeply understand the subject. The under presentation of women can be explained the stereotype that boys are better than girls. Often in almost all the learning institutions, there is the notion that no way females can outdo in studying the science, technology, engineering and mathematics (Hill, Corbett, and Rose, 2010, 38). This belief is further supported by the parents who are seen to offer support to their children on gender-based subjects whereby girls dominate the language issues. Such notion by far kills the morale and interferes with the progress of the girls as far as overall subjects are concerned. By supporting that stereotype implies or directly communicates to the girl on how weak they are to undertake STEMM. The fact that men are naturally overrated more than females explains why ladies are not willing to major in the STEMM areas (Hyde, Lindberg, Linn, Ellis, and Williams, 2008, 495). Consequently, the males continue dominating the STEMM demanding work environments at ease while only a small number o f women prevail. Undertaking self-evaluation by ladies means that the ability to achieve equal performance is undermined. Girls in most cases perform a self assessment test and put themselves to standards lower than that of males. Past research reveals that when a lady is in the class, they make generalizations that emanate from self-evaluation which dictate that STEMM is for the boys and that girls should not attempt them (Hill et al., 2010, 42). This extends to a point where even when the lady excels in STEMM subject, she cannot believe in herself or gather the self motivation to perform even better but they end up feeling insecure for tampering with boys items. Gender bias discourages women from pursuing the STEMM subjects. They are associated with the cultural arts subjects and STEMM subjects directly associated with the males. Women naturally are known to portray a moderate level of competence in the in an execution of masculine jobs (Clark, 2005, 370). The first belief at this point is that if women happen to participate in the masculinity demanding jobs, they end up being unlikable. For instance, it is not right to count on a lady to fix electricity problem as men do. Therefore, due to such negative motive towards women, they are humbled to the ground and are not at any given time willing to express their interests on STEMM subject an attempt to maintain the acceptability. According to the previous research, many ladies tend to undertake STEMM subjects all the way from secondary to tertiary levels, but only a few of them retain these items up to graduation. The academic studies are that it is possible to internalize the subjects at the lower educational levels but difficult to continue with such a trend at higher levels (Ceci, Williams and Barnett, 2009, 218). This is because at the university level, learning is complex and natural selection is bound to take place at that time. Little past success cannot serve as the prerequisite for excellence at higher levels. Consequently, men are harder than women, therefore, recording a high turn up during the graduation. Further research done at Harvard University suggests that STEMM department offers ladies less career satisfaction than men. The contribution of lecturers and professors in supporting more career paths for males in fields of science, engineering, technology, and mathematics lead to the loss of cre ativity to females (Ceci, and Williams, 2011, 3159). This extends the gap for under presentation of women in the workplace and other fields where spatially related skills are on demand. The difference in excelling in science, technology, and other related subjects are closely related to normal variation specifically during the gestation period. At this time boys are bound to take advantage of favorable hormonal selection that enables them to strengthen their cognitive abilities more than the girls. As the males grow, they slowly adopt t o the environment, and as they learn, a sense of responsibility is developed (Stout, Dasgupta, Hunsinger, and McManus, 2011, 255). This implies that natural brain sharpness may be lacking but can be adopted as the child attains the age necessary to define her as the major player in the society. On the other hand, women are in some way advantaged due to the notion that after all they will be married and resources for upkeep and nurturing the children are provided by the man. Having such a clear picture of life in mind, a man is bound to work hard and ensure that all concepts of learning are understood. Many women and girls show little or no interest in the STEMM subjects. Researchers carried out to get the explanation of that point by the Society for American quality suggest that females are not interested in the technical matters (Beede et al., 2011, 64). The working environments for STEMM-oriented employees are critical, and there is need to develop interconnection of ideas and skills to have a given task done. Ladies tend to be overshadowed by the jobs that require cleanliness and smartness. Conversely, even if a particular woman achieves in mathematics and other sciences, she ends up majoring in areas such as literature, history, political science and several simple fields (Hewlett, 2008, 213). The gender difference serves a significant purpose in gauging the self-confidence of the individuals who are willing to undertake the STEMM Subjects. According to the past research, there is little confidence in women to take the science, technology, engineering and other related topics as compared to men who comfortably indicate a high level of self-esteem. Self-belief in those subjects is greater at lower levels of schooling and reduces as the individuals approach the higher educational levels where their experience on the subject is not recognized (Xie and Shauman, 2003, 75). Furthermore, there is as belief explaining that women are more interested in the issues that aim at giving back to the society (Moss, Dovidio, Brescoll, Graham, and Handelsman, 2012, 16476). In short, they pursue in those subjects that strengthen their socialization aspects in the community. The STEMM subjects do not seem to attract any form of societal benefits, and the participants tend to work to reap benefits for their own. From the society point of view, STEMM subjects do not seem to have any connection with the needs of the community thereby acting as the hindrance upon which girls dislike the spatial issues. Topics such as environmental engineering are seen to have some beneficial aspects to the society, and it is true that many ladies do participate because of the socialization perspective in the community (Ong, Wright, Espinosa and Orfield, 2011, 180). Environmental bias serves a great role in convincing the women to leave the STEMM positions. In the workplaces where these subjects are manifested, women are treated differently from the men regarding payment and increment of other incentives. Also, the women start experiencing the sense of isolation because they are left out when certain jobs are executed. Due to that fact, many women are seen to opt the other way and participate in other careers where the workability is almost the same. Researchers also indicate that for a lady to be absorbed in the stem careers, she must produce more supportive academic documents than the males. This implies that even the employers contribute heavily to the gender bias since a woman is always seen to be less productive than their peers. That kind of a feeling significantly discourages other women willing to exercise their spatial skills and instead divert to other subjects in an attempt to retaliate from the gender bias. In the academic setting, students raise discussion concerning their teachers and lecturer on their teaching capabilities (Dweck, 2007, 56). The act of judging by the students that a man can properly teach a given subject more than a woman leads to the misunderstanding of the grievance by the girls and they do not wish ever participate in such criticized items. In several cases also, the interviewers or the employers are not convinced by the accomplishment results of the women, and they have little faith in them to have pursued in subjects such as medicine. This leads to the forming of the notion that a particular female participant might have used a back door to achieve such recommendations. Conclusively, factors that lead to under presentation of women in the STEMM subject based careers have significantly been highlighted. Most of the factors emanate from self-confidence and gender bias. It is, therefore, important for ladies to trust in their capabilities so as achieve the best in their STEMM careers. The society also has the mandate to ensure that women and men are treated the same without bias. References Hill, C., Corbett, C. and St Rose, A., 2010.Why so few? Women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. American Association of University Women. 1111 Sixteenth Street NW, Washington, DC 20036. Clark Blickenstaff*, J., 2005. Women and science careers: leaky pipeline or gender filter?.Gender and education,17(4), pp.369-386. Ceci, S.J., Williams, W.M. and Barnett, S.M., 2009. Women's underrepresentation in science: sociocultural and biological considerations.Psychological bulletin,135(2), p.218. Stout, J.G., Dasgupta, N., Hunsinger, M. and McManus, M.A., 2011. STEMing the tide: using ingroup experts to inoculate women's self-concept in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM).Journal of personality and social psychology,100(2), p.255. Beede, D.N., Julian, T.A., Langdon, D., McKittrick, G., Khan, B. and Doms, M.E., 2011. Women in STEM: A gender gap to innovation. Moss-Racusin, C.A., Dovidio, J.F., Brescoll, V.L., Graham, M.J. and Handelsman, J., 2012. Science facultys subtle gender biases favor male students.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,109(41), pp.16474-16479. Ong, M., Wright, C., Espinosa, L. and Orfield, G., 2011. Inside the double bind: A synthesis of empirical research on undergraduate and graduate women of color in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.Harvard Educational Review,81(2), pp.172-209. Dweck, C.S., 2007.Is Math a Gift? Beliefs That Put Females at Risk. American Psychological Association. Hyde, J.S., Lindberg, S.M., Linn, M.C., Ellis, A.B. and Williams, C.C., 2008. Gender similarities characterize math performance.Science,321(5888), pp.494-495. Ceci, S.J. and Williams, W.M., 2011. Understanding current causes of women's underrepresentation in science.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,108(8), pp.3157-3162. Xie, Y., Shauman, K.A. and Shauman, K.A., 2003.Women in science: Career processes and outcomes(Vol. 26, No. 73.4). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Hewlett, S.A., Luce, C.B., Servon, L.J., Sherbin, L., Shiller, P., Sosnovich, E. and Sumberg, K., 2008. The Athena factor: Reversing the brain drain in science, engineering, and technology.Harvard Business Review Research Report,10094.

Stephen King Reading To Write Essay Example For Students

Stephen King Reading To Write Essay If you have an imagination, let it run free. Steven King, 1963The King of TerrorStephen Edwin King is one of todays most popular and best selling writers. King combines the elements of psychological thrillers, science fiction, the paranormal, and detective themes into his stories. In addition to these themes, King sticks to using great and vivid detail that is set in a realistic everyday place. Stephen King who is mainly known for his novels, has broadened his horizons to different types of writings such as movie scripts, nonfiction, autobiographies, childrens books, and short stories. While Stephen King might be best known for his novels The Stand and It, some of his best work that has been published are his short stories such as The Body and Quitters Inc. Kings works are so powerful because he uses his experience and observations from his everyday life and places them into his unique stories. Stephen Edwin King was born in Portland, Maine, on September 21, 1947, at the Maine Genera l Hospital. Stephen, his mother Nellie, and his adopted brother David were left to fend for themselves when Stephens father Donald, a Merchant Marine captain, left one day, to go the store to buy a pack of cigarettes, and never returned. His fathers leaving had a big indirect impact on Kings life. In the autobiographical work Danse Macabre, Stephen King recalls how his family life was altered: After my father took off, my mother, struggled, and then landed on her feet. My brother and I didnt see a great deal of her over the next nine years. She worked a succession of continuous low paying jobs. Stephens first outlooks on life were influenced by his older brother and what he figured out on his own. While young Stephen and his family moved around the North Eastern and Central United States. When he was seven years old, they moved to Stratford, Connecticut. Here is where King got his first exposure to horror. One evening he listened to the radio adaptation of Ray Bradburys story Mars I s Heaven! That night King recalls he slept in the doorway, where the real and rational light of the bathroom bulb could shine on my face (Beaham 16). Stephen Kings exposure to oral storytelling on the radio had a large impact on his later writings. King tells his stories in visual terms so that the reader would be able to see what was happening in their own mind, somewhat in the same fashion the way it was done on the radio (Beaham 17). Kings fascination with horror early on continued and was pushed along only a couple weeks after Bradburys story. One day little Stephen was looking through his mothers books and came across one named The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. After his mother finished reading the book to him, Stephen was hooked. He immediately asked her to read it again. King recalls that summer when I was seven, my mother must have read it to me half a dozen times(Beaham 17). Ironically that same year, while Stephen was still seven years old, he went to go see his first horror movie, The Creature from the Black Lagoon. This is important because Stephen says, Since the movie, I still see things cinematically. I write down everything I see. What I see, it seems like a movie to me(Beaham 17). During this year the biggest event that probably had the biggest impact on Stephen Kings writing style was the discovery of the author H. P. Lovecraft. King would later write of Lovecraft, He struck with the most force, and I still think, for all his shortcomings, he is the best writer of horror fiction that America has yet produced(Beaham 22). In many of Lovecrafts writings he always used his present surroundings as the back drop of his stories. King has followed in his footsteps with the fictional town of Castle Rock, Maine. Castle Rock is a combination of several towns that King moved to and from with his family in his childhood. The main town that it resembles is that of Durham, Maine. It was after the exposure to H. P. Lovecrafts stories that King fi rst began to write. .u1958fd7011f5f4dcd7e85e8a44559565 , .u1958fd7011f5f4dcd7e85e8a44559565 .postImageUrl , .u1958fd7011f5f4dcd7e85e8a44559565 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1958fd7011f5f4dcd7e85e8a44559565 , .u1958fd7011f5f4dcd7e85e8a44559565:hover , .u1958fd7011f5f4dcd7e85e8a44559565:visited , .u1958fd7011f5f4dcd7e85e8a44559565:active { border:0!important; } .u1958fd7011f5f4dcd7e85e8a44559565 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1958fd7011f5f4dcd7e85e8a44559565 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1958fd7011f5f4dcd7e85e8a44559565:active , .u1958fd7011f5f4dcd7e85e8a44559565:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1958fd7011f5f4dcd7e85e8a44559565 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1958fd7011f5f4dcd7e85e8a44559565 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1958fd7011f5f4dcd7e85e8a44559565 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1958fd7011f5f4dcd7e85e8a44559565 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1958fd7011f5f4dcd7e85e8a44559565:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1958fd7011f5f4dcd7e85e8a44559565 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1958fd7011f5f4dcd7e85e8a44559565 .u1958fd7011f5f4dcd7e85e8a44559565-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1958fd7011f5f4dcd7e85e8a44559565:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Rizal, a True Hero? Sample Essay We will write a custom essay on Stephen King Reading To Write specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now While growing up and moving around the way his family did, Stephen had never been able to feel comfortable and settle down in one place and make friends they way other kids his age did (Underwood 77). Around the age of twelve the King family finally settled in the town of Durham, Maine. For Stephen King, Durham was the place where his imagination began to shine. It was at this time that Stephen first began to make friends. Along with his friends, Stephen would go the movies a lot. Stephen would use the movies as a inspiration. Although he enjoyed going out and having fun, whenever he would come home, Stephen would immediately write down his experiences and observations. Frequently King would place his friends and family into childhood fantasy tales. And one would always know how Stephen felt about them because of how long they lived in the story. It was not until college that Stephen King received any kind of real recognition for his writings. In the Fall of 1967, King finished his f irst novel, The Long Walk, and turned it into his sophomore American Literature professor for review. After a couple of weeks and a couple rounds around the department, the English professors were stunned. They realized that they had a real writer on their hands. ;From then until he graduated with a bachelors degree in English from University of Maine at Orono in the Spring of 1970, King concentrated on rounding off the edges of his writing technique. One short story that best shows the type and technique of Stephen Kings writing is The Body. The Body, which has been adapted into to a Hollywood movie, was first published in the collection of short stories called Different Seasons. The story is a tale of four twelve year old friends who at the end of one summer go out on a journey in into the woods to see a dead body. While on their journey they learn about life, friendship, and are propelled from innocent to experienced. On the surface of the story it appears to be simple journey wi th its occasional mishaps, but the true magnificence is that this story has a strong autobiographical coincidence. The main character, Gordie Lachance, is a boy growing up on his own through the memory of his dead older brother. Growing up, Gordie, an avid story teller, dreamed of becoming a writer. Before his brothers accidental death, all his parents would ever care about was his brother. Since his death, Gordies parents have presumably shut themselves away from Gordie. This, to a certain degree is true of King. Because of his father leaving when Stephen was two, and his mother taking on around the clock jobs, he never really had any parental guidance. The story itself is written with Gordie narrating in the present time look back at the journey. At the time of his flashback, Gordie is a best selling author who has returned to his home town of Castle Rock to revisit his past. This is ironic because at the time Stephen wrote the story he himself had just moved from Bolder, Colorado , back home to the town of Bangor. Kings childhood home town of Durham is used in several different stories under the fictional town name of Castle Rock. It is also noticeable how in the story when Gordie looks back to him and his brother, his brother is the only person who cares for him. He noticeably goes out of his way to look out for Gordie, and is always encouraging his and asking him about his writing, while all his parents seem to do is ignore Gordie. This also can be related to Kings past because while growing up his brother while only two years older then him, always seemed to be there for Stephen and look out for him. Probably the deepest imagery of the story is at the end of the novel. Gordie is shown back at home and putting the finishing touches on his latest work. While finishing up, Gordie is interrupted by his son who is shown in a sense to be a good-natured and caring boy. Gordie experiences a deep love for his family at the time. This setup is presumably placed in the story as an escape for King. In his autobiography Danse Macabre, King tells of his fear of providing for and caring for a family (Reino 112). This shows King pushing away the fear, in a sense saying that he is all right. That he has now embraced the idea. One of Kings best work is also one that does not fit in any category of his usual writings. For an author who usually writes horror, Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption, is a story that is a refreshing sidestep. The story tells of how Andy Dufresne, who is falsely tried, convicted, and sentenced to back to back life sentences for the double murder of his wife and her lover, deals with being trapped within a dreadful situation that are out of his hands. Throughout the nineteen years that he is in Shawshank prison, Andy has to endure everything from a gang called the Sisters, who go around raping and beating their prey to being forced to create and run a money laundering scheme for the prison Warden. If this story was written without the authors name on it, there is none of Stephen Kings characteristic style, except for maybe in one place in the story. The one possible place that even hints that it is from the mind of King is at the end of the story where Red is off to keep his promise to Andy. Andy asks Red, that when he get out of jail to travel to a southern Maine town called Buxton and look for something he buried in a hay field under a large oak field. The suspense of what was buried and the description of the field in Buxton is what is typical of Stephen King. While the story is very uncharacteristic of King it does deep down relate to himself. The theme of hope and of how Andy overcomes the situation is one that is tied closely to King. It runs a direct parallel with life as a child and how his life has turned out. Just as Andy was thrown into predicament and later escapes and lives his life on his own terms, Stephen, early on was forced to move from town to town with mother and brother. In the en d Stephen escapes and now lives on his own terms. Stephen Kings works are so powerful because he uses his experiences and observations from his life and places them into his unique works. What seems to make Stephen Kings stories almost magical is that the settings of his stories are placed into common every day places. Additionally, Stephens writings are true to life in peoples minds because he draws upon common fears. Just as Kings writing style and genre had been influenced by movies throughout his life, he is now influencing the same industry with his own vision and imagination. Kings writings are so widely appealing that over 42 of his works have been based upon or turned into Hollywood movies which have included stars like Jack Nicholson (The Shining), John Travolta (Carrie), and Morgan Freeman (The Shawshank Redemption). .ubf3b44b128cc2312dabbd765ab3f3aab , .ubf3b44b128cc2312dabbd765ab3f3aab .postImageUrl , .ubf3b44b128cc2312dabbd765ab3f3aab .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubf3b44b128cc2312dabbd765ab3f3aab , .ubf3b44b128cc2312dabbd765ab3f3aab:hover , .ubf3b44b128cc2312dabbd765ab3f3aab:visited , .ubf3b44b128cc2312dabbd765ab3f3aab:active { border:0!important; } .ubf3b44b128cc2312dabbd765ab3f3aab .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubf3b44b128cc2312dabbd765ab3f3aab { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubf3b44b128cc2312dabbd765ab3f3aab:active , .ubf3b44b128cc2312dabbd765ab3f3aab:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubf3b44b128cc2312dabbd765ab3f3aab .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubf3b44b128cc2312dabbd765ab3f3aab .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubf3b44b128cc2312dabbd765ab3f3aab .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubf3b44b128cc2312dabbd765ab3f3aab .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubf3b44b128cc2312dabbd765ab3f3aab:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubf3b44b128cc2312dabbd765ab3f3aab .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubf3b44b128cc2312dabbd765ab3f3aab .ubf3b44b128cc2312dabbd765ab3f3aab-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubf3b44b128cc2312dabbd765ab3f3aab:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Gullivers Travels (651 words) EssayWorks CitedBeaham , George . Stephen King Companion , The . Kansas City : Universal Press Syndicate Company , 1995 . Beaham , George . Stephen King Story, The : A Literary Profile . Kansas City : Universal Press Syndicate Company , 1992 . King , Stephen . Body , The in Different Seasons . New York : Viking Penguin Inc ., 1982 . King , Stephen . Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption in Different Seasons . New York : Viking Penguin Inc ., 1982 . Reino , Joseph . Stephen King : The First Decade , Carrie to Pet Sematary . Boston : Twayne Publishers , 1988 . Underwood , Tom . Conversations on Terror with Stephen King . New York : Warner Books , 1988 .

Classical drama Essay Example

Classical drama Essay Example Classical drama Essay Classical drama Essay Andrew Davies always adapts for small screen, especially costume dramas or classical dramas. He converts a classical novel into a small screen production, and he always finds a sexual interest in things. When he is approached by a TV channel, the first thing he does is listens to the novel. Davies knows what the popular audiences are looking for. In Davies adaptation of A Room With A View, its being done in retrospect. He uses a frame where the storyline is contained. Davis completely brings the dates forward in this adaptation. Two time slots are being established. This is because Lucy finds herself in Florence, 1922, as a young war widow. As such, she is reliving (in her mind) her romance of 10 years previously (1912), when she first meets up with George Emerson. When Lucy is in Florence (1922), she visits the slopes of Fiesole, where she first met her deceased husband. The cab driver who drives her up the slopes is, coincidentally, the same cab driver who took her up the slopes 10 years previously, when she was accompanied with Charlotte, George, Mr Emerson, Mr Beebe, Mr Eager and Miss McLavish. Lucy and the cab driver get talking, which gives the viewer an idea that this is possibly the start of a new romance. The first establishing shot shows the bottom of Lucys skirt. Her skirt is much shorter, giving the impression that the date is somewhere in the 1920s. In Merchant Ivorys adaptation, the first establishing shot is accompanied with Puccinis music. In Davies adaptation, the music seems more sombre, as Lucy has just become a widow. The second establishing shot is in the Pensione Bertolini. The man, who is booking Lucy in, asked her if she has come alone. Lucy then immediately thinks back 10 years, to when Charlotte is complaining about the view. As Lucy and the man make their way upstairs, Lucy enters the room and has another flashback to when Lucy looks at the view. As it is a flashback, the lighting is much brighter, and as the characters speak, there is a small echo. Then, back in 1922, just as the hotel manager is about to throw open the shutters, Lucy stops him. This may be because she wanted to open the shutters herself, and remember what happened back in 1912. The dining room looks quite different in this adaptation, compared to the dining room in Merchant Ivorys adaptation. Here, there is only one table, whereas Merchant Ivory used several round tables. In Merchant Ivorys adaptation, it was quite easy for George and Lucy to make eye contact, as they were sitting directly opposite each other. However, Andrew Davies has made the seating position in his adaptation, so as Lucy and George cannot make eye contact without glimpsing over the top of other peoples heads. Charlotte begins complaining about the room without a view and Mr Emerson then offers to swap rooms. Charlotte refuses, which then leads Mr Emerson to get George to persuade her. This is when Lucy and George first make eye contact, and they continue to do so, throughout the meal. Whilst sitting at the dining table, Mr Beebe enters the film much earlier than in the Merchant Ivory production and in the book. This guarantees a bums on seats effect, which makes sure that the audience will not lose interest in the film. This bums on seats effect also happens in Merchant Ivorys version, except with the famous Judi Dench, who plays Miss Eleanor McLavish, author. The third establishing shot takes place after the meal in a room with several other hotel guests. Lucy makes a comment about most of the people being English. Charlotte replies by saying that they are there to look at Italy, not the Italians. This shows that Charlotte is quite insecure and she does not like moving forward; she is more a backward-looking character. George and Lucy also make eye contact several times again. In the Andrew Davies version, Charlotte tells Lucy to go and find Mr Beebe. Lucy makes her way over to find the cab driver, and yet again, she struggles with her Italian. She makes a hand gesture, which is in the shape of the cross. The second cab driver translates it as the good man, just as in the Merchant Ivory version. Lucy follows the cab driver, but she feels a bit insecure and asks him if hes going the right way. She continues to follow him, but then as he moves away the tree branch, she sees George standing there. Lucy begins to tell the cab driver that he misunderstood her, but he pushes her down the slope and she runs into Georges arms, and they kiss. The lighting effect is much brighter and the whole kiss is done in slow motion. Charlotte then appears, as she has been worried of Lucys whereabouts. She sees the two kissing, but she does not shout out Lucys name, like in the Merchant Ivory version. Both adaptations are different in the way certain scenes have been portrayed, but both show some sort of similarity to the original novel. Both Merchant Ivory and Andrew Davies portray certain things in different ways, but the main storyline has been kept the same.

Boston Massacre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Boston Massacre - Essay Example tle distance† while he avoided any subjective sentiment which might be necessary as the captain further testified that the boisterous crowd threatened them with increasing riots and exclamations of insulting phrases from the civilians. Pictures of the ‘Boston Massacre’, however, exhibit an opposing view presenting how armed soldiers line up as if due to a deliberate scheme of firing at the townspeople in protest. A primary witness Theodore Bliss attested â€Å"I did not hear any order given by the captain to fire – I stood so near him I think I must have heard him if he had given an order to fire before the first firing.† On the contrary, another witness Robert Goddard claimed â€Å"I saw no person speak to him – I was so near I should have seen it – After the captain said ‘Damn your bloods! Fire! – They all fired one after another.† Apparently, these are quite contradictory statements indicating that one of them must be fabricating a story in order to conceal the real truth and save the side in his favor. This likely puts the credibility of such testimonies shown under question, granted that they depict uncertainties, emotional tone of accusation in exa ggerating detail, and surprisingly missing information about logical links between occurrences told. Based on the historical timeline demonstrating how one act led to another, the American Revolution was at its reasonable heights having originated from imposition of additional taxes on common products by the British Parliament, pressing the colonists to struggle with their already burdened state of economy and standard of living at the time. Hence, truth may seek its way to justice through it and Preston’s calm explanation of the matter that the captain can be judged to have truly not committed the crime with the shooting order. He ought not to be labeled as guilty of commanding to fire, nevertheless, he should still be held responsible for not attempting to suppress his subject troops from firing

Retail store selling hearing aide opening for the first time Essay

Retail store selling hearing aide opening for the first time - Essay Example In order to ensure that customers have an ample interaction with the website, I will ensure that it has easily navigated layouts. The strategy is proposed because websites are easily accessible to people with aiding devices and places no cost on the audience. The medium also allows for easy feedback from the audience and this allows for product renovation and diversification in order to meet customers’ needs. The strategy targets the universal market and extends beyond New York City. Some of the major market segments that the strategy targets are schools for students with impaired hearing that might refer the students to the business. People with hearing impairment, together with their friends and relatives, especially in the digital generation, are another targeted audience because of their ability to respond to the communication and establish our market. The website will contain all the necessary information that customers may need ranging from the type of hearing aids available, types to be added in future, to forms of sale applicable. The website will provide information on how to use products offered by the business as well as feedbacks from customers who have used these products (Andreas, 2011). Another strategy that I will use to promote my business is printing business cards and distributing them to potential customers. This involves presenting information on cards that are then distributed to a target audience. The cards will be simple and well designed to ensure that they appeal to customers. Additionally, information contained in them will be short and precise .In order to ensure that the cards reach many customers, stocking them in several strategic places will be important. Among the strategic places in which I will place them are entrance to the business office, entrance to schools that train people with hearing disability, and strategic social places such as in restaurants and

The Masque of the Red Death for Edgar Allan Poe Essay

The Masque of the Red Death for Edgar Allan Poe - Essay Example Such people in a way tend to ignore the reality of death by engaging in favored diversions and cherished joys. On the other side there are people who respect the serious and ponderous aspects of life and do not hesitate to meditate on and think about death, which is the inevitable and unavoidable fate of everybody who is alive. However, the one single thing that is common to all the types and dispositions is that death does evoke the feelings of fear and intimidation, irrespective of one’s status or temperament. Edgar Allan Poe in his story The Masque of the Red Death delves on the frivolity of human understanding in the face of that which is all pervasive and universal. The plot, setting, characterization and atmosphere created by Poe in The Masque of the Red Death rely on the elements of terror, horror and grotesqueness, to exhibit the helplessness of the human existence before a fate that is essentially given to be mortal. The story starts with the news that â€Å"The â₠¬Å"Red Death† had long devastated the country† (Poe 3). By doing so the writer tends to play on the fear and all pervasiveness of death that always lurks at the back of human consciousness. In that context, the miniature world marked by gaiety and merriment, created by Edgar Allan Poe is a replica of the real world in which death pursues all and sundry, without exception and favors. The characters in the story, including the Prince Prospero and his assorted guests and the retinue of entertainers belong to the affluent strata of society. Now for the poor and deprived, it is much easier to admit one’s helplessness before death. The dilution of ego is more favorable to the understanding and acceptance of the essential aspects of life. However, it is not so with the denizens of the â€Å"castellated abbeys† (Poe 3). Unexceptionally all the characters in the story tend to be the cream of the society in a pecuniary and political context. Thus, as expected, they e nd up committing the same mistake, which is committed in varied measures by the mighty and powerful in all the ages and times. They believe that death and pestilence was to be the fate of the commoners in the kingdom and they are perfectly safe behind their â€Å"lofty wall† (Poe 3) and â€Å"gates of iron† (Poe 3). The â€Å"hale and light hearted friends† (Poe 3) of the Prince Prospero ironically intend to subdue their acceptance of death in a cloud of fun, enjoyment and luxury. However, this very intention and effort on their part, time and again reveals the moments of â€Å"brief disconcert of the whole gay company† (Poe 5). Their heartiest laughs are tinged with apprehensions and their gayest frolics are marked with intimidation. In that context, the plight of these guests is actually the plight of all men. Hence, the terror of the assorted guests in a subtle way percolates into and makes connection with the terror lurking in the minds of the readers , and the contrived obliviousness on their part makes the reader think about one’s personal attempts to evade thoughts of mortality, by engaging in diversion of one’s own. In a way, the reader simply forgets as to the moment and way one connects with and begins to identify with the arrogant ignorance of the guests in the story, flickering amidst death that has the potential to

Effect of Temperature on Vitamin C in Orange Juice

Effect of Temperature on Vitamin C in Orange Juice Abstract: This experiment was planned to study how different temperatures can affect the loss of vitamin C in orange juice stored for a fixed period of time. Equal volume of freshly squeezed orange juices with known (initial) vitamin C concentration were stored at different temperatures i.e. 10 °C, 20 °C, 30 °C, 40 °C, 50 °C and 60 °C for a constant duration of 5 days. After the storage period, the vitamin C concentration for each temperature was measured by DCPIP titration and the difference relative to the initial concentration was calculated to calculate the amount of vitamin C reduced. The result of this experiment showed that the amount of vitamin C lost increases with the increase in temperature and 10oC was the best temperature that gave the least reduction in vitamin C concentration. An analysis using Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient has revealed a strong positive linear relationship between the two variables with the calculated r value exceeds the critical va lue at 5 % significant level thus, supporting the experimental hypothesis. Vitamin C is a remarkable compound derived from one of the ascorbic enantiomers, L-ascorbate. It is a water soluble vitamin that cannot be naturally synthesized in human body.1 Therefore, it is vital to have our diet balanced with adequate amount of it every day. There are two important roles played by vitamin C; antioxidant and collagen formation.2 These two features have placed vitamin C in a class of its own as a future potential in fostering better health. A previous research regarding relationship between vitamin C and human brain has shown that vitamin C could help drugs to pass the blood brain barrier.6 This would enable brain diseases such as Parkinson to be effectively treated as artificial dopamine can be delivered directly to the brain. At the same time, the biggest challenge in bone marrow treatment i.e. getting enough cells, could possibly be solved as a recent study by Dunagqing Pei13 on vitamin C, has found that it can boost the production and pluripotency of stem cells in human body. However, Vitamin C is also known to be very vulnerable towards heat. The precursor of vitamin C, ascorbic acid, has molecular of C6H8O6. The proximity of highly electronegative oxygen atoms on the hydroxyl (OH) groups makes the hydrogen atoms to become easily detached from the structure. Meanwhile, the presence of heat causes the hydroxyl bond to break the ascorbic acid is said to undergo destruction or oxidation by losing hydrogen atoms, forming dehydroascorbic acid. Therefore, it is suggested that the rate of ascorbic acid destruction is significantly greater at higher temperature.* Most of the studies on vitamin C degradation are principally based on the effect of storage condition and period, and very few were done on identifying the degradation trend within a specific range of temperature. Previous research, on the effect of storage methods and conditions on vitamin C retention in human milk revealed that freezing reduces the least amount of vitamin C as compared to other storage methods, followed by refrigeration which is better than cold water. Another study at Ankara University, has shown an inverse relationship between temperature and retention rate of vitamin C in citrus fruit concentrates, while orange fruit was found to have higher retention ability than the others. Therefore, this experiment was aimed to find a specific trend regarding the effect of temperature on the loss of vitamin C. Citrus fruits (orange) were used in this experiment due to appreciable amount of vitamin C that they have, thus, increasing the reliability of the results. The results from this study can be used to illustrate how certain temperatures can cause drastic change in vitamin C hence, increasing the awareness on appreciating the effort of preserving vitamin C content in food for optimum health benefit. For instance, in agricultural tropical regions that grow citrus fruits, it becomes very vital to preserve the fruits at low temperature if possible due to higher chance of vitamin C destruction than other regions. Experimental Hypothesis: The higher the temperature, the higher the degradation of vitamin C in freshly squeezed orange juice. Null Hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between the different temperature and the degradation of vitamin C in freshly squeezed orange juice. PLANNING Five types of citrus fruits were randomly chosen, namel: lemon, lime, grapefruit, Clementine and orange. The fresh juice of each fruit was obtained through cutting and squeezing. The vitamin C content for each juice was determined by titration against 1 ml of 1 % DCPIP. The titration was repeated two times to get an average volume of the juice needed to decolourise DCPIP. The result: The least volume of orange was needed to decolourise DCPIP, indicating that it has the highest vitamin C content. Therefore, orange fruit was chosen as it would give significant response towards different temperatures. Determining the best storage period: Several orange fruits were squeezed to obtain fresh orange juice that would be enough for its vitamin C content to be measured on daily basis. Firstly, the initial vitamin C content of the juice was measured and 4.8 ml was needed to decolourise 1 ml of DCPIP solution. Equal volume of the remaining juice was divided into two beakers and each was stored in an incubator of different temperatures (10 °C and 60 °C). Two distinctive temperatures were chosen to allow easy comparison of the trend in each temperature. The result: The result shows no more change in volume of juice required after 5 days for 60 °C. Therefore, storage period of five days were chosen for the main experiment. MAIN EXPERIMENT Variables: Manipulated variable: Different temperatures (oC) (6 incubators were set at different temperatures of 10 °C, 20 °C 0, 30 °C, 40 °C, 50 °C and 60 °C) Responding variable: Amount of vitamin C lost (By DCPIP titration, the difference between initial and final vitamin C concentration in each juice was  calculated to determine the concentration of vitamin C reduced) Fixed variables : Storage period, volume and concentration of DCPIP, type of fruits (The storage period was five days. 1ml of 0.1% DCPIP  Used for each titration) Apparatus: Beakers, knife, test tubes, syringes, Parafilm, aluminium paper, incubators, mortar and pestle, measuring cylinder. Materials: Orange fruits, 1% dichlorophenolinophenol (DCPIP) solution, distilled water, 500 mg vitamin C tablet. Real Experimental Procedures: Standardizing Vitamin C Concentration: 1) A tablet of 500 mg vitamin C tablet was crushed into fine powders using a mortar and a pestle. 2) The powdery form of vitamin C was then dissolved into 100 ml of distilled water in a beaker to form 5 mg/ml of ascorbic solution. 3) 1 ml of 1% DCPIP solution was measured and placed into a test tube by using a syringe. 4) 1 ml of 5 mg/ml of ascorbic acid solution was then taken using a syringe and added drop by drop into the measured DCPIP solution until decolourised. 5) The volume of ascorbic acid solution needed to decolourise the DCPIP solution was recorded. 6) The titration process was repeater three times to get an average volume. The result of titration is as follows: Volume of Juice Titrated / ml Hence, 2.5 ml of 5 mg/ml of ascorbic acid solution was needed to decolourise 1 ml of 1% DCPIP solution To find a formula to calculate vitamin C concentration in orange juice, Conc. of orange juice (mg/ml) Vol. of orange juice (mg/ml) = 5 mg/ml 2.5 ml Since the volume needed to decolourise is proportional to vitamin C concentration. So. Conc. of orange juice (ml) 2.5 ml = 5 mg/ml Vol. of orange juice (mg/ml) 2.5 ml Concentration of orange juice (mg/ml) = X 5 mg/ml Vol. of orange juice (ml) Therefore, this calculation would be used to calculate the vitamin C concentration. Determining vitamin C loss: 10 orange fruits were cut and squeezed to obtain fresh juice. 1 ml of 1% DCPIP solution was measured and placed into a test tube by using a syringe. 1 ml syringe was filled with the orange juice and added drop by drop into the DCPIP solution until it decolourised. The volume of juice added was recorded. The titration was repeated five times to get an average volume and its vitamin C concentration was calculated using the derived formula. The juice was then divided into 6 equal volumes and each placed into 100 ml beaker. The top of each beaker was sealed with Parafilm and its surface was wrapped with aluminium paper and labelled with different temperatures. The beakers were placed in six incubators of different temperatures according to the label and left for five days. After five days, the beakers were sealed off. 1 ml of 1% DCPIP solution was measured and transferred into a test tube by using a syringe. The orange juice stored in 10 °C was taken by a syringe and added drop by drop into the DCPIP until it decolourised. The volume of juice added was recorded The titration was titrated three times to get an average volume and its vitamin C concentration was calculated using the formula: 2.5 ml Concentration of orange juice (mg/ml) = X 5 mg/ml Vol. of orange juice (ml) Steps 8-10 were repeated but this time using the orange juices stored in  °C, 30 °C, 40 °C, 50 °C and 60 °C. The difference between the initial concentration and the final concentration of each juice was calculated to determine the amount of vitamin C lost. Risk Assessment: The process of cutting the orange fruits required the use of knife, so it was done carefully to avoid any injury. The fruits were then squeezed very gently to minimise heat production. The juice was only prepared right before the experiment was about to be carried out. DCPIP is a strong dye which is hard to be removed so lab coat was worn. During the titration of juice against DCPIP, the test tube was not shaken vigorously to avoid oxygen from dissolving. The juice was discarded immediately after the experiment. Results: Statistical Analysis: Based on the result from the table, it is known that there is an obvious trend and correlation between the temperature and vitamin C loss. Therefore, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (PMCC) was chosen to measure the strength of this relationship. In this method, the value of correlation coefficient, r needs to be calculated which ranges from -1 to 1. The details of its values are as follow: Therefore, the value of correlation coefficient, r, using Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient has shown a strong positive linear relationship between temperatures and loss of vitamin C. Hence, null hypothesis is rejected. Data Analysis: Table 4 shows the volume of the freshly-squeezed orange juice needed to decolourise 1ml of 1% DCPIP solution. The average volume was used to calculate the concentration of vitamin C present initially. Meanwhile, Table 5 shows the amount of vitamin C concentration reduced after being stored at different temperatures for five days. From the table, there is an inverse relationship between the vitamin C concentration left and the amount of vitamin C lost. There is also a huge difference in the amount of vitamin C left between the juice stored in 10 oC andt the one stored at 60 oC, which is 2.11 mg/ml. This represents 77.6% of the original concentration of vitamin C. The calculated statistical correlation coefficient, r of 0.9584 is absolutely a strong indicator to support this relationship. Graph 1 illustrates the trends and correlation between the two variables. From the graph, it can be concluded that generally, the higher the temperature, the higher the amount of vitamin C lost. 10 oC is the best temperature that gave the least reduction in vitamin C level with only 0.12 mg/ml (4.4%) decrease after five days. Meanwhile, 60 oC caused maximum drop in concentration after five days with 2.23 mg/ml (82%) of vitamin C had lost. The largest gap in vitamin C loss occurred between 40 oC and 50 oC with 1 mg/ml (37%) of increase recorded. Based on the graph, the amount of degradation at 20 °C and 30 °C opposed the general trends when 0.6 mg/ml vitamin C had lost at 10 °C which is greater than 0.56 mg/ml at 30 °C. However, the difference is so small which suggests that this anomaly might be due to several reasons: Higher rate of oxidation of ascorbic acid by oxygen in the atmosphere. False end-point titration Apart from that, the results obtained have also shown that there is only a little change in vitamin C concentration from 10 °C to 30 °C. However, drastic change in concentration started to occur after 40 °C. This suggests that orange fruits should be kept below 30 °C with better vitamin C retention at lower temperature. Evaluation: From the results of the experiment, the huge difference in vitamin C lost between 40 °C and 50 °C could be explained by the presence of enzyme ascorbate oxidase in citrus fruits. The function of this enzyme is still not fully understood, but one best suggestion is that it might involve in controlling the oxidation process of ascorbic acid.12 Just like any other enzymes, when the optimum temperature is exceeded, the bonds holding the ascorbate oxidase together start to break and it is said to be denatured. Therefore, the destruction of ascorbic acid takes place without any control. Measurement of vitamin C in this experiment was done by titrating the juice against dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP). It is a strong oxidizing agent with distinctive blue colour and decolourised when being reduced by vitamin C.15 Therefore, the destruction of vitamin C by heat means that more is needed to decolourise DCPIP solution. Oxidation of DCPIP by oxygen in the atmosphere is one of the limitations of this experiment. Hence, the test tubes were not shaken vigorously during titration in order to minimise this limitation as vigorous moves can increase the rate of oxygen dissolving in a solution. The other limitation could be the side decomposition of vitamin C due to the presence of light and air. Just like temperature, ultraviolet ray from incidence light causes the hydroxyl bond in ascorbic acid to break, thus become oxidised. To reduce this limitation, the beakers containing orange juice to be stored at different temperatures were neatly wrapped with aluminium paper which is a good reflector of light and heat. The surfaced of the beakers were also sealed with Parafilm. This would prevent the entry of air and significantly reduce unnecessary oxidation of vitamin C in the juice. Several modifications can be made in the future to improve the accuracy and reliability of the results of this experiment. Iodine titration could be used as an alternative for DCPIP titration. Although this technique may require the use of more reagents, the result from the trial experiment has shown that the end point of titration is much easier to be identified. Besides, orange juice could be obtained by blending the peeled orange fruits instead of squeezing them. This ensures maximum amount of juice obtained from each fruit as well as preventing destruction of vitamin C by heat. Finally, percentage of vitamin C degraded can be used as the response variable instead of concentration. This would allow clearer illustration of the amount of vitamin C reduced for the readers and also make the comparison process easier. Conclusion: Based on the result of this experiment, it can be concluded that the higher the temperature, the greater the degradation of vitamin C in freshly squeezed orange juice. The statistically calculated r value using Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, 0.9584, is significantly higher than the critical value at 5% significance level thus, providing a strong evidence to support the hypothesis. Sources Evaluation: Several recourses were used in providing me important information in completing this assignment. Sources 1 and 2 are books that are specially made about fruit management and also detailed information about vitamin C as well as compelling research on it. Both books were published after year 2005, so the information available is mostly up to date. Besides, I have also accessed journals available online. Sources 3 and 4 come from two well known websites for food and nutrition based journals. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition is a trustable website with over 3100 members, publishing up to dates research related to nutrition and human. Sources 7, 8 and 9 are chemistry based websites, serving enormous information on the structures and reaction of biological compounds. Chemwiki is a virtual online based chemistry textbook, accessed by millions of people searching for chemistry knowledge. Sources 10 and 11 are websites exclusively made for vitamin C. The Vitamin C Foundation, for instance, is recognised by Internal Revenue Service, IRS in protecting vast information about vitamin C for public reference. Source 12, Scientific American magazine is a popular scientific magazine established for nearly two centuries since 1845 with more than 3.5 million readers all over the world. Therefore, there would be no doubt in reliability of the content in this magazine.

Big Brother is Watching: Get Over It! Essay -- essays research papers

Big Brother is Watching: Get Over It!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In George Orwell’s book, 1984, the very existence of every person is scrutinized by their form of government called the Party. The main character, Winston Smith, is constantly monitored throughout his daily life by the telescreen, â€Å"an oblong metal plaque like a dulled mirror† (1), placed strategically so that it can see and hear everything that is going on around him. In America society today we are seeing a movement that can be classified as â€Å"Orwellian† as it relates to this very subject of surveillance, the Internet. The similarities between the telescreen and the free access of the Internet cannot be ignored and as our country is dealing with terrorism, we must be willing to endure some lose of independence that we have gained through the World Wide Web.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One similarity easily noted between the telescreen and the Internet is that they both can not be turned off. The telescreen â€Å"could be dimmed, but there was no way of shutting it off completely† (2). On the other hand, you may think that you are turning off the Internet when you shut down your computer, but in fact it stays on twenty-four hours a day. They are both viewed through a monitor, whereas the telescreen is forcibly two-way where you can be seen and heard, the computer gives you a choice. Some people invite others into their homes via the internet with the use of webcams, cameras that are attached to your computer and...

Death Be Not Proud

The novel, Death Be Not Proud, by John Gunther, is the story of the struggle of a child to stay alive. Johnny Gunther Jr. ’s constant hope got him out of bed every morning with a positive attitude. His outright opposition to the fact that he was going to die and his determination not to, kept a fiery spirit in him so that he didn’t give up. Johnny’s stubborn determination to not accept defeat at so early an age, along with the tremendous courage he showed when realizing that he must accept his defeat, is a strong point portrayed in this novel. Johnny’s hope, determination, and courage kept his death at bay. One of the main reasons that Johnny remained alive for so much longer than he should have lived, was the hope that he possessed. He hoped every day of his illness that he would get better, that his parents would be spared their grief, or that some doctor would come up with a revolutionary idea that would heal him. Because of his hope, Johnny never complained or protested during the entire course of his illness. He always obeyed the doctors’ wishes and followed their instructions to a  «T » because he wanted so desparatly to get well. Although he realized that eventually his life would end, he still never gave up the hope that perhaps he could outsmart his fate to die, if just to steal a few extra hours. Each day, until his last, the determination Johnny had to get well, live a normal life, and even maintain his schoolwork was phenominal. After being away from school for sixteen months, being tested constantly by doctors, and having a rapidly deteriorationg brain, Johnny still managed to graduate with his class and be accepted into Harvard. Throughout his illness, Johnny always had an unwavering will to survive, to awake the next morning and find that he was well, that he had only been dreaming the nightmare of his illness. When Johnny awoke each morning however, he felt the bandage on his head and realized that he was living this horrific nightmare. But even through this tremendous disappointment, Johnny kept fighting, determined to recuperate. Johnny should be admired for not giving up under the intense emotional burden of knowing that each breath may be his last. Johnny’s story is one that will be remembered because of the courage he had. If he had had any fears of death, they were unknown because of his consideration for others and not wanting to burden others with his troubles. One can only imagine what it must have been like to lie awake at night alone in a hospital room, wondering what it is like to die and to awaken the next morning, shed all questions and fears of the night before, and cheerfully greet those around you. Johnny’s inner struggle and turmoil was something that no one knows nor will ever know. Throughout his many medical treatments and moments of pain, Johnny was always strong and brave. He always smiled and hung in there fighting. Even with his final unconcious breath, there was still animation in him, he was still determined to live. Thankfully he died with a smile on his lips, without pain, with dignity, and with courage and strength to face the next world he would enter. Johnny’s gallant fight for life, against the most hopeless odds, should convey a message to anyone who has ever been ill. Through a child’s hope, determination and courage when about to die, a for of a hero is made. Johnny’s manner in facing the awful reality of dying is something that is looked up to by all and we should all strive to achieve this manner. Johnny Gunther accepted his fate to die and not live his life to the fullest with complete acceptance, if not full understanding. By the story of his life and death, we are in awe of how one so young could have achieved an attitude that most people will never reach.

Negative effects of technology Essay

Most people will praise the many technological gadgets that they use in their everyday lives. Technology is evolving at a very fast rate, and what most people did not even think could be real a few years ago is now becoming a reality. Cell phones that act more like computers, sans making documents and other important work files, have now taken the world by storm, and a lot of people could not imagine what life would now be like if they didn’t have the internet, email, and chat features on their phones at their disposal. The simplest of things, such as TV, movies, and even video games, have also evolved, and each of them offers consumers a wide array of choices and new possibilities. Technology has greatly influenced the way people live in society. Much of the technological devices are created to make daily task more efficient. For instance, you can pay bills online, read the daily news and shop all without leaving home. But, it is also clear that technology plays an incredibly vital role in the 21st century; for example smartphones which used to be a luxury has now become a necessity. The reliance of technology in society is staggering. Although many will use and publicize modern technology for many of its achievements and advancements, what many don’t realize is that it has affected and continues to affect society and people in general in a negative way. Technology is in opposition to nature; meaning it is being produced at the expense of nature while destroying ecological habitats. Technology not only erodes character but it also separates us from nature. Recent studies show a worldwide trend of decline in physical activity driven by the use of technology. The rise of computers and video games has made it easy for kids to be entertained without ever leaving the comfort of their easy chair which also contributes to the increasing rates in childhood obesity. The relationship between technology and stress, depression as well as sleep disorders has a lot to do with the overuse of technology in our society , particularly among young people. The opposing point of view is that technology is an integral part of our daily lives. There are so many advantages with improved technology in our daily life. With the help of mobile technology we are able to talk to our friends and relatives who are living far from us. Technology is being produced at the expense of nature and is destroying ecological habitats (the environment). The factories that manufacture these technological devices are  paved over wetlands. Due to the damage that excessive runoff causes to lakes, and streams wetlands are created to capture storm water. The idea is to capture and store the rainwater on site to grow native plants that can thrive in such conditions. The destruction of natural habitats not only extinguishes species but it is an act that can not be undone. According to the Wildlife Journal, habitat destruction from human activity is the primary cause of risk for 83% of endangered species (Williams, 12). Even if technology halted the destruction of natural habitats, the fact still remains that the large amounts of energy we consume causes a disruption in the atmosphere, resulting in climate change. With the rapid-changing world of electronics and technology, the turnover rate for upgrades is staggering. This constant stream of out with the old, in with the new is adding to the levels of toxicity in our air and land. E-waste is not always disposed of properly, causing deadly chemicals to leach into the ground. Plants that manufacture the electronics are emitting toxic fumes into the air. Plus there is little to no regulations on the disposal of personal E-waste. No matter how environmentally benign it seems the scale of technology is so large that it’s shereen size overwhelms the natural cycle. Technology not only erodes character but it separates us from nature. The overuse of technology is slowly but surely creating an impatient society. According to a study at Stanford University the more time spent using the internet they lose contact with their social environment (Olds and Schwartz, 98). Technology has played an important role throughout the last few decades in the decline of interpersonal relations. Studies reported in the American Psychologist by William Scherlis in his report † Internet Paradox: A Social Technology that reduces Social Involvement and Psychological well-being† have shown that † greater use of the internet was associated with declines in participants’ communication with family members in the household, declines in the size of their social circle, and increases in their depression and lon eliness. Physical interaction is essential because it promotes bonding in any relationship dynamic.It is public knowledge that historical studies of infants who were not physically interacted with from their birth displayed characteristics of withdrawal, failure to thrive, and social problems later in life. The social expense of over over reliance on technology is just beginning to materialize. We do not know the extent of  emotional defect caused by technology. While technology allows better tools for connection, these tools are substantially isolating us. Recent studies show a worldwide trend of reduced physical activity driven by the use of technology. Due to the rise of computers and other devices has made it easy for kids to be entertained without ever leaving the comfort of their easy chair which also contributes to the increasing rates in childhood obesity. A bariatric surgeon at Columbia St. Mary’s in Milwaukee suggest that â€Å"A lack of physical activity certainly contrib utes to the obesity epidemic. â€Å"According to the Center of Disease Control and Prevention one-third of U.S. adults are obese. The more time people are spending engrossed in video games, talking to friends online and watching funny cat videos on YouTube, they are spending less time being active or exercising. I tend to think the relationship between technology and stress, depression as well as sleep disorders has a lot to do with the overuse of technology in our society, particularly among young people. A doctoral student, Sara Thomee’ conducted a study where approximately 4,100 students ages ranging from 20 to 24 filled out questionnaires. Based on the questionnaires 32 individuals were classified as heavy (ICT) information and communication technology users. Based on this study Sara found that heavy cell phone use showed an increase in sleep disorders and depressive symptoms in both men and women. As we all have heard the average person needs a total of seven to eight hours.This is a growing and serious public health hazard and I think it should be addressed. In the words of Sara Thomee’ † Public health advice should include information on the healthy use of this technology.† I couldn’t agree more just as alcohol ads, so should technology companies have a warning label on their advertisements. There’s only one solution and it’s simple, turn it off, and get some sleep. The impact of technology on our social, mental, physical and environmental health can be devastating if we don’t keep ourselves in check. There’s no denying the benefits we have gained from technological advancements, but as with all things in life moderation is key. Be more mindful of the time you spend using technology. If you have longer conversations with Siri than you do with real people, it’s probably time to put the phone down.Creating balance will help you enjoy the benefits of technology without becoming a mindless internet zombie.

Germinal essays

Germinal essays At first glance, one might say the capitalist system is righteous and it leads to more productivity, but upon discreet examination, the system has numerous flaws. As we discussed in class, one of the main flaws was the inability of the workers to advance themselves in society beyond the point of keeping food in their stomachs. One generation after another follow each other down below into the mines without cessation. First and foremost the company needs to insure that all members of the mine town have enough to eat, enough to wear, and a roof over their head. The company can possibly provide clothing and food through a ration-based system that guarantees the people will not die of starvation or frostbite. These are necessities that the company should provide even if they are in debt. The workers should also receive a salary based on performance and profits of the company. This spending money can be used for amenities or the worker can save it if he or she one day desires to move away and attempt to start a better life somewhere else. The root of the problem lies with the education the residents of the mine town receive. Children as young as seven or eight are being sent down to work in the mines when they should be starting school. If families are unable to pay for schooling a type of indentured worker system might work out where children can attend school for free if they agree to provide the company with a year(s) work when they become of age to work. That also brings up the issue of child labor. Children should not work until at least 16 and even then they should not be responsible for dangerous and important jobs such as securing the limbering. Another important issue concerns the rights of the workers. Workers unions should be set up and all should join to make sure that the company does not use and abuse the workers. Unions should unite all workers with the same profession across the ...

Radio Frequency Identification Tags Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Radio Frequency Identification Tags - Essay Example They proved that the once-thought virus-safe RFID tags are prone to virus attack even if the memory seems too small to contain all the information needed by the virus to ruin the technology. This research is a call for the RFID designers to take extra care in engineering the chips' code. Since the databases vary about their built in security, the designers should focus on the details of the lines of source code which numbers up to millions. Around 6 to 16 mistakes out of a thousand lines of code mean less security and vulnerability to virus attack. This is important because RFID tags have promising uses in industries such as groceries and airports, wherein important information are all stored in databases. The uses include tracking and inventories, storage of information about personal and financial matters, and property monitoring. Interference of the RFID tags using the viruses does not affect only the system, but the larger scale of the industries concerned. False tags can be used on an item to deliver a virus in a properly working system. This virus can then replicate its illegal code on the databases and corrupt the files. (Kirk, 2006). Privacy of information stored in RFID tags should start at the design and engineering stage. The RFID tags must be designed in such a way that it holds the minimum amount of information possible, without compromising its function and performance. Manufacturers must find a way to decrease the linkability of the tags with confidential data (Cavoukian, 2006). Since RFID tags carry important information, it is very usefule not only in identification but for access into different databases as well. The Senate of the California State had passed a legislation which bans RFID tags in government transactions and documentations. Integration of RFID in any form of identification card, license, and document issued by the state. This prohibition is applicable also in the use of RFID by the employees for security access. (Hook, 2005). The University of Amsterdam's Faculty of Science created a website called the RFID Guardian. The site aims to help RFID users secure their privacy. The website, www.rfidguardian.org, offers a free video about the function of RFID Guardian and how its system works (Faculty of Science). Data and identity theft The RFID tag user should be responsible for the information covered by his tag. He should definitely be in control of the information his RFID tag carries. The same goes for institutions and organizations. They, therefore, should allot resources for training their employees so that the organization as a whole would be able to comply with privacy and security guidelines. They should limit the use of RFID in the disclosure of information by assessing their files and classifying them according to their relevance and confidentiality. Data including those of personal and confidential nature, and those data containing dispersible information, should be updated and accurate. This could prevent subsequent transfer of information using RFID tags from one system to another, which makes the information vulnerable to illegal attacks. There should also be consent from an individual concerned whether or not certain information about him can be disclosed from his RFID tag (Cavoukian, 2006). Due to the important data stored in RFID tags, the technology attracts unauthorized individuals to invade somebody else's privacy. These illegally involved people can

What is beauty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

What is beauty - Essay Example fixed in the subconscious memory of the person at the gene level as a result of human evolution. This implies that beautiful form, line, shape and color combination are practical solutions worked out by millions of years of natural selection. Can something be beautiful to one person but not to another?  David Hume said that: â€Å"Beauty is no quality in things themselves: It exists merely in the mind which contemplates them; and each mind perceives a different beauty. One person may even perceive deformity, where another is sensible of beauty; and every individual ought to acquiesce in his own sentiment, without pretending to regulate those of others†. (Hume. p.136) I consider that this thesis is the main concept of beauty. In my understanding of this question I relay on this thesis. So I can say â€Å"Yes†, one and the same thing can be beautiful to one person but not to another. Does a work of art have to be beautiful to be considered good art?  I consider that the art must be beautiful. Some pictures of modern artists can be called art but not all the people find them beautiful. Here be back to the main concept of beauty saying that one and the same thing can be interpreted in different ways by different people. The understanding of beautifulness of the art can vary depending on the persons’ perception. It also depends on a cultural belonging of a person that is what we call authentic art of different cultures. So, as an inference I can say that art is a very versatile concept which cannot be enclosed in one thing as a beauty-gauge. Is beauty just a physical thing? Who or what decides what the standers of beauty are? Scientists have found that from the microcosm to the cosmos, everything exists in harmony due to the law called the "divine proportion". If there is a subjective idea of ​​beauty, a masterpiece of music, painting or poetry, everything meets this criterion. It could be derived geometrically from a right triangle and his unit

Discussion 4C Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion 4C - Assignment Example It is important for people working together to get along at their work places as they require each other at some point during work. When people get along in workplaces, it is easier and faster for them to help each other finish tasks and deal with deadlines. The video is about a talk on email etiquette and how the email works. It was good to learn the don’ts involved when sending a single mail to multiple people. I also learned that I can be in a position to prevent computer viruses spread through emails. An important lesson learnt from the video is that it is valuable to respect other workers whom you working with. The times when an individual does not feel like working should be spent outside the office rather than making noise for others. It is important for people working together to respect each other. Hacking into people’s machines and emails to get vital, and secretive message is one of the risks of electronic communication. Sensitive information meant for specific individuals could get into the wrong

The most compelling problems facing youth in the 21st Century Essay Example for Free

The most compelling problems facing youth in the 21st Century Essay Preparing Americas children for the 21st century is among our most important national priorities. Todays children face the promise of a new century of unparalleled opportunity in which new technologies, improvements in health, expanding economies, and other advances create the hope that their future will be the brightest of any generation in history. Yet, too many of them face obstacles that obscure that bright future, including poverty, violence, child abuse, limited educational opportunity, and unhealthy behaviors. The devastating economic, social, and human costs of these obstacles are indisputable. Addressing these challenges to their future and investing in opportunities so that all children can reach their full potential. An essential component of this strategy is undertaking research to provide new knowledge of ways to improve their futures and to provide sound guidance for policy makers to assure that efforts to help are likely to succeed. Numerous indicators of the well-being of our children and families paint a mixed picture of successes and shortcomings. Our national infant mortality rate is declining rapidly and is at a record low, but is still higher than that of many other countries. Our childrens test scores in reading and science are improving but still trail those of several other industrialized nations. Our school dropout rate is unacceptably high, costing over $250 billion each year in lost earnings and foregone taxes, as well as lost human potential. Our teenage pregnancy rate is declining slightly, but is still the highest in the developed world. Our national vaccination coverage is the highest ever, but in many communities less than 50 percent of two-year-olds are adequately immunized. A similar picture of gains and unmet goals exists with respect to youth violence, child poverty, smoking, and other substance abuse. Much of the progress achieved in these and other areas is the result of critical research efforts that have advanced our understanding of how children and youths develop into healthy and productive individuals. Research has helped to inform policy decisions and program development, track outcomes, and identify strategies that work and those that do not. The Federal investment in research has clearly paid dividends in terms of improved outcomes for children and a healthier and brighter outlook for the entire Nation. Despite such important achievements, much remains to be done: Significant gaps  persist in our understanding of how children grow up to be healthy, well-educated, and responsible members of society. Given the profoundly changing nature of our communities and Nation, strengthening the Federal research enterprise on child and adolescent development and expanding its role in shaping relevant policy are especially crucial to serving national goals.